Where Did Much of the Counter-reformation Take Place
Counter-Reformation
religious history
Alternate titles: Catholic Reformation, Catholic Revival
Top Questions
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Counter-Reformation, also named Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Church of Rome efforts oriented in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. The Italian Christianity Church responded to the Protestant challenge by purging itself of the abuses and ambiguities that had wide the way to revolt and so embarked upon convalescence of the schismatic branches of West Christianity with mixed success. The Counter-Reformation took place during roughly the same period as the Protestant Reformation, actually (according to around sources) beginning presently before Dino Paul Crocetti Luther's act of nailing the Ninety-quintuplet Theses to the door of Castle Church building in 1517.
Council of Trent
Premature calls for reform grew out of criticism of the worldly attitudes and policies of the Renaissance popes and many of the clergy, but there was little significant pontifical chemical reaction to the Protestants operating theater to demands for reform from within the Roman Church before mid-century. Vicar of Christ Alessandro Farnese (reigned 1534–49) is considered to follow the prime Holy Father of the Tabulator-Reformation. Information technology was he who in 1545 convened the Council of Trent, which is hailed as the most important single event in the Counter-Reformation. The council, which met intermittently until 1563, responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the official Roman Christianity reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation. It hence represents the official adjudication of many questions more or less which there had been continuing equivocalness throughout the early church and the Middle Ages. What emerged from the Council of Trent was a reprimanded but consolidated church and papacy, the Roman Catholicism of Bodoni font chronicle.
Opening night session of the Council of Trent in 1545, depicted by Nicolò Dorigati, 1711; in the Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Trento, Italy.
A. Dagli—De Agostini Editore/age fotostockIts doctrinal precept was a reaction against the Lutheran emphasis along the role of faith and God's grace and against Protestant teaching on the number and nature of the sacraments. The "either/or" doctrines of the Protestant reformers—justification by organized religion alone, the authority of Holy Writ alone—were anathematized, in the name of a "some/and" doctrine of justification by both faith and whole works on the ground of the assurance of both Scripture and tradition. The privileged standing of the Latin Vulgate was reaffirmed against Protestant imperativeness upon the archetype Hebrew and Hellene texts of Holy Writ.
No less important for the development of modern Popish Catholicism was the legislation of Trent aimed at reforming—and re-forming—the inside life and discipline of the church. Nonindulgent reforms attacked the corruption of the clergy and affirmed the traditional practice in questions of clerical marriage. The council condemned such abuses as pluralism. There was an undertake to regulate the training of candidates for the priesthood. Indeed, two of its most far-reaching provisions were the requirement that all diocese render for the proper education of its future clergy in seminaries under church auspices and the requirement that the clergy, and especially the bishops, give more than attention to the task of preaching. Measures were taken against luxurious live on the part of the clergy, and the financial abuses that had been so flagrant in the church service at all levels were brought under control. Strict rules requiring the residency of bishops in their dioceses were established, and the appointment of relatives to church government agency was forbidden. Prescriptions were given about pastoral guardianship and the organization of the sacraments, and, in situ of the religious rite chaos that had prevailed, the council laid push down specific prescriptions about the form of the masses and liturgical music. Unequal earlier councils, the Council of Trent did not result in the diminution of papal authority.
Unlikely of the Council, assorted theologians—especially the Jesuit St. Henry M. Robert Bellarmine—attacked the belief positions of the Protestant reformers, but there was atomic number 102 1 to rival the theological and mental engagement evident in the writings of Martin Luther or the smoothness and passion distinctive of the works of John Calvin. New religious orders and other groups were founded to core a churchly reclamation—e.g., the Theatines, the Capuchins, the Ursulines, and especially the Jesuits. Later o in the century, John the Evangelist of the Cross and St. Teresa of Ávila promoted the reform of the Carmelite order and influenced the development of the mystical tradition. St. Francis Delaware Gross sales had a similar influence on the devotional life of the temporalty. The popes of the Counter-Reformation were largely men of artless conviction and initiative who skilfully on the job delicacy, persuasion, and force against heresy. During this catamenia of reform and reaction, Roman Catholic theologians and leaders tended to accent the beliefs and devotional subjects that were under direct attack by the Protestants—e.g., the genuine comportment of Christ in the Liturgy, the Virgin Mary, and St. Peter.
Where Did Much of the Counter-reformation Take Place
Source: https://www.britannica.com/event/Counter-Reformation
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